Il ny a pas du pain A Common French Mistake

Learn from this common French-language mistake. Wrong: Il ny a pas du painRight: Il ny a pas de pain Explanation: One of the first things you learn about French vocabulary related to food is that you need to use partitive articles with it, as in je vais acheter du pain (Im going to buy some bread). You also learn that the partitive article changes to de after a negation, but many French students forget that part. So there is some bread is il y a du pain, but there isnt any bread is il ny a pas de pain, not il ny a pas du pain. Related lessons: Partive articlesDe vs du, de la, desFrench food vocabulary

Analysis of Robert Forst´s Mending Wall Essay - 561 Words

Robert Frost deliberated a intention and was determined to get it across any way that he could. He verbalized his feelings through Walls and Blockages, Descriptive words, and Seasons and Nature. The aspiration of walls in this piece is to block neighbors and assemble a better relationship. Descriptive words are used to portray a improved visual of what is designed to see. Robert Frost speaks of seasons as if it were a human. Wall’s are blockages used to isolate a human beings wants and feelings. Privacy should be respected by all although offensiveness was not intended by either neighbor. The speaker’s logic was that the wall blocking the properties were absurd. The essential purpose of the poem is the desire by one neighbor to have a†¦show more content†¦Robert Frost used a word choice that shaped the readers mind into the outdoor scenery where the dog is on one side of the fence barking. Robert Frost is a major nature enthusiast. In the poem, Mending Wall, the speaker talks about the Spring. Taking a literal approach, he used Spring, because it is the first season of the year. A new beginning for two people that have had a protracted antagonism for one another. The speaker does not understand how they are becoming good neighbors, because they are not cows. People often use nature to express new beginnings and the start of something new. Nature is a description of a Season. Seasons are the start of a new beginning. The speaker uses the word Spring, possibly because it is the first official and whole season of the year. The neighbor could be expressing how he thinks they should break the wall down and start over. A new beginning is what he desires. The speaker wants nothing but a friendship with his neighbor but the neighbor wants the privacy that he feels he is entitled to. The speaker expresses how the neighbor is a pine cone. Pine cones are hard and nettlesome. Pine cones are very arduous. Attempting to express his feelings, the speaker could be referring to the neighbor as a pine cone, because no matter how bad he tries, the neighbor will not break into fragments. The last word or phrase that Robert Frost expressed within the poem was cows. The neighbor thinks it is ridiculous to have

If You Are Writing An Essay About Theodore Roosevelt Example For Students

If You Are Writing An Essay About Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United states Was the youngestPresident in the nations history. he took office at the age of 42. Roosevelt hadbeen vice President for only six months when president William McKinley wasassassinated. He vigorously led Congress and the American public towardprogressive reforms and a strong foreign policy. He took The view that thepresident as a steward of the people should take whatever actionnecessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by law or theconstitution. I did not usurp power, he wrote, but i didgreatly broaden the use of executive power. Roosevelts youth differedsharply from that of the log cabin Presidents. he was born in New York city onOctober 27,1858 into a wealthy family, but he too struggledagainst illhealth. When Theodore was about 12, his father told him that he would need astrong body to give his mind a chance to develop fully. The next year, while ona trip to Maine, Theodore was tormented by two mischievous boy s. He felt ashamedbecause he was not strong enough to fight back. Roosevelts father built agymnasium in the family home, and Theodore exercised there regularly. Heovercame his asthma and built up unusual physical strength. Roosevelt studiedunder tutors until he entered Harvard University in 1876 at the age of 18. Heearned good grades in college. Roosevelt graduated fromHarvard in 1880. In October 1879, Roosevelt met Alice Hathaway Lee. Rooseveltcourted Alice during his senior year at Harvard. They married on his 22ndbirthday. A double tragedy struck on Feb. 14, 1884. Alice Roosevelt died twodays after the birth of a daughter. On the same day, Roosevelts mother died iftyphoid fever. Roosevelt spent much of the next two years on his ranch in thebadlands of Dakota Territory. There he mastered his sorrow as he lived in thesaddle, driving cattle, hunting big gamehe even captured an outlaw. On a visitto London, he married Edith Kermit Carow in December 1886. During theSpanish-A merican War, Roosevelt recruited men for a cavalry regiment. This unitbecame the First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. Under Roosevelt s command, it wonfame as the Rough Riders. He led the Rough Riders on a charge at the Battle ofSan Juan. Roosevelt was one of the most conspicuous heroes of the war. Twentyyears later he declared:San Juan was the great day of my life. Thomas C. Platt, needing a hero to draw attention away from scandals in New York State,accepted Roosevelt as the Republican candidate for governor in 1898. Rooseveltwon and served with distinction. As president, Roosevelt held the ideal thatthe Government should be the great arbiter of the conflicting economic forces inthe nation, especially between capital and labor, guaranteeing justice to eachand dispensing favors to none. Roosevelt emerged spectacurlarly as a trustbuster by forcing the dissolution of a great railroad combination in thenorthwest. During Roosevelts presidency, the government filed suits against 43other corporations. In major cases, the government ended John D. Rockerfellersoil trust and James B. Dukes tobacco trust. Roosevelt steered the united Statesmore actively into world politics. He liked to quote a favorite proverb ,Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far. Aware of thestrategic need for a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, Rooseveltensured th e construction of the Panama Canal. His corollary to the monroeDoctrine prevented the establishment of foreign bases in the Caribbean andarrogated the sole right of intervention in Latin America to the United States. .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 , .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .postImageUrl , .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 , .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201:hover , .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201:visited , .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201:active { border:0!important; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201:active , .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201 .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufecd62417550f85764257e976625a201:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dear Diary I hate it in this dingy little hole of a town, our flat is right near the railway station; the noise is just unbearable EssayRoosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War. He wasthe first American to win a Nobel Prize. He reached a Gentlemans agreement onimmigration with Japan. In 1907, Roosevelt decided to display American navalpower. He sent 16 new battleships on a good-will tour of the world. These shipsbecame known as the Great White Fleet because they were painted white. Rooseveltviewed the tour as a part of big stick diplomacy. Some of TheodoreRoosevelts most effective achievements were in conservation. He added about 150million acres to the national forests and in 1905 established the United StatesForest Service. he also set up five new national parks. By executive order, hecreated the first 51 federal bird reservations and the first four national gamepreserves. The Roosevelt children and their friends became known as theWhite House Gang. The President sometimes joined in the childrensgames. One day, he heard thet the gang was preparing an attack onthe White House. he sent a message to the children through the War Department,ordering them to call off the attack. Leaving the Presidency in1909, Roosevelt went on an African safari, then jumped back into politics. In1912 he ran for president on a Progressive ticket. To reporters he once remarkedthat he felt as fit as a bull moose, the name of his new party. Whilecampaigning in Milwaukee, he was shot in the chest by a fanatic. Roosevelt soonrecovered, but his words at that time would have been applicable at the time ofhis death in 1919: No man has had a happier life then I have led; ahappier life in every way.

Quality Education in Non

The Province of Manitoba (2010) states that, non-funded private schools also referred to as independent schools, are run by individuals or groups of people whom have to be licensed by a representative of the public schools Act which was created in order to ensure that the children are getting an equivalent level of education to that provided in pubic schools.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Quality Education in Non-Funded Private Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Non funded private schools do not have to meet some of the requirements that funded private schools have to for instance, hiring certified teachers of the country they are operating in and use of the same provincially approved syllabus. Non-funded private schools are run as businesses and they have the right of admission and they get their funds from their students paying fees and tuition money. Therefore, the income and expenditure of th e school depends on how much money the parents of the students are willing to spend which varies from school to school depending on the location of the school, the peer tuitions and the schools financial donation. Mortimore (1991, 34) notes â€Å"extravagant tuition rates in these schools claim are used to fund high salaries for the teachers and afford improved environments for learning, a low student to teacher ratio, undersized class quotients and services like, libraries, computer and science laboratories.† In terms of education, non-funded private schools have to offer top of the range education to their students and also provide first-rate extra curricular activities as that is the main reason they are up and running. Parents prefer private schools only if the eminence of education is equal to the extravagant high charges demanded by the schools. Looking at the explanation of private schools overcharging their clients one often wonders why teachers are always looking for better paying jobs as they claim that they are overworked and underpaid. So the question is why then do private schools overcharge their clients and underpay their staff? Where does all the money go? The directors and owners of the school may be exploiting their clients and their staff while keeping all the money for themselves.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Armstrong (2000, 56), quality in education is defined as the maximum use of school systems to bring forth an individual who will use the theory learned in class practically and prosper in life. Quality in education is signified by the characterized inspection which creates alertness which in turn raises purpose for government policy makers and politicians. It has been argued that the reporting system put to use in the schools inspections is crucial for supplying advice on progression in terms of both provi sion and the quality of education. The definition helps one learn that quality education will help an individual become a better person in the society as this quality education will equip the individual with necessary tools to enable one to give back to the society through his occupation. This definition on the other hand also leads to the conclusion that people who did not have quality education do not flourish in life. This is not true as a person’s success does not depend only on the quality of education they received as children. Quality and effectiveness in education go hand in hand, as the higher the quality of education, the more the effectiveness of the education, when put to use whether practically or theoretically. Quality and effectiveness however, vary from person to person what one person may think is quality and effective, is not what another person may look at as quality and effective. Levels of quality and effectiveness vary also from school to school as there is no definite universal measurement used to determine the quality and effectiveness in schools or in individuals. (Armstrong 2000 p4) School quality and effectiveness are linked to each other as they are interdependent. Effectiveness of education relies on the quality of education offered, if one offers low quality of education then the effectiveness and efficiency of that education will be low, if the quality of education offered is high, then the effectiveness and efficiency of education is also high.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Quality Education in Non-Funded Private Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In reference to Mortimore (1991, 34) effectiveness in schools has brought about important modifications in the education policy in many countries by stressing the answerability of schools and the reliability of education providers to provide all children with opportunities for elevated succe ss hence developing the dire need for school improvement. Murphy (1992, 98) emphasizes that school effectiveness indicated the necessity for school improvement in specific by concentrating on adjustable school aspects like the time day to have certain subjects taught. School quality and effectiveness are important as they not only help students, parents and government officials to know which schools are performing well but they also encourage students to work hard to keep the quality and effectiveness of the school in check. In the same case school quality and effectiveness may also be affected when the students and teachers slack off as they see their school quality and effectiveness is moderate. This slacking off would lead to a drop in the quality and effectiveness of the school. Business forces that play a part in the quality and effectiveness in schools are the amount of resources the school has at its disposal and the end result of the school and individual students. The fact that parents dig into their pockets to fund the high level of education their children receive from non-funded private schools, means that they expect their children to get good quality education to ensure their children can use the education they have received to better themselves. This in itself is a business as they invest into their children’s education and they expect returns that are profitable, people make investments expecting high returns and it no different when it comes to schools and education. Resources at the schools disposal may influence the students to concentrate on extra curricular activities that would in turn affect their studies this would affect the quality and effectiveness of the school.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Armstrong (1990, 6), quality in non-state funded private schools is defined by how well the students perform in their education and other co-curricular activities. The board of governors, teachers, parents and government officials monitor the quality in non-state funded private schools so that they can pin point out areas that need to be changed or improved upon so as to maintain the quality of the school. Monitoring is done through inspection of the curriculum to find out if the level and quality of education offered in these schools is equivalent to the level and quality of education offered in public schools. Quality in schools and education is measured through fitness for purpose in the non-state funded private schools. Through the fitness for purpose, the school is able to ascertain a position in the competitive market of education, to obtain proof of accomplishment and attainment and to make sure that their clients are content and get value for their money. This m ethod of measuring quality in non-funded private schools scrutinizes the requirements of the schools mission statement, its aspirations, its intentions and its learning end products. Another method used to rate the quality of education in non-state funded private schools is by use of best practice. Best practice is a method in which researchers compare and contrast these schools with the schools known to provide the best level of education in the same categories (Armstrong 2000, 5). According to Owen (1999, 2) benchmarking is way of improving that exploits other peoples superior performance to progress or develop one owns processes. Benchmarking is a system of recognizing what must be developed, looking for ways to enhance the developments then putting into practice these developments. In short, bench marking is used as a way on improving one school by using other schools ideas. The state sector uses industry standards and accountability to measure quality in schools and education. Industry standards are used to find out whether the non-funded private schools are needed and if the level of education they offer is up to standard with the public schools at nation wide and universal standards (Armstrong, 2000, 6). In reference to Powell (1991 56) Accountability on the other hand is the measurement of accomplishment markers for competence and success. The state uses accountability to show value for money and to validate efficiency in these schools. According to Lock (2000), non-funded private schools area accountable to the public as these schools can easily go out of business and close down if their customers are not content with how they run eh school or the results the schools offers. In this way non-funded private schools become accountable as they use the policy customer is always right. Non-funded private schools run by religious organizations are accountable to the particular religion that funds the school. For example Lutheran schools teach religious educa tion in accordance to Lutheran religious views, values and beliefs. Non-funded private schools are also accountable to the state the state through a number of laws and regulations put in place by the government that they have to follow like the provision of safety provisions in the schools for both students and staff and medical facilities in the school at all hours when the school is in session. Quality, school improvement, effective leadership and strategic planning are linked as they influence each other and play a role in the outcomes of each other. According to Hopkins, Ainscow, West (1994, 78), school efficiency is aimed at understanding, knowing without bias how education works and to give and explanation of its progression and results in provisions of unwavering causes and effects. Educational practitioners, policy makers and school improvers are paying close attention to changes of education (Hopkins 1995, 43). These changes however needs and has to have the assistance of the school, teachers and the community as a whole. If a schools lacks efficient leadership then it means there will be no order on the school therefore all the other concepts like quality, improvement and planning will prove wanting. In simple terms these concepts must work together for the success, prosperity and as an advantage to the school. If teachers, the community and the school at large do not accept changes that could improve the school then the quality, improvement, leadership and planning would be affected and questioned changes like this include changes in the curriculum the addition and removal of some material that the students need to learn (Powell 1991, 106). Rehiman and Reniham (1988, 88) have described school image to be â€Å"the sum of subjective opinions about the quality of the learning and social environment.† Through this definition we then come to the conclusion that; the concepts of school effectiveness and quality influence how a school is viewed in the eyes of the public and the community. A school therefore has to have certain standards of quality and effectiveness so as to maintain a good image in the community. According to Glickman, (1987, 623), an optimistic or encouraging image of a school is affected by the effectiveness of the teaching learning environment in the school. A positive impression includes both goodness and efficiency. Since both these concepts of quality and effectiveness are interlinked and dependent on each other they work hand in hand to produce an image of the school to the community. The image of the school might be good or bad depending on the level of quality and effectiveness. According to Mohan (2007), how prominent a school positions itself in the eyes of its clients is a true indication of a schools image. Positive school images result in an increase in the enrollment numbers while negative school images result in a decrease in enrollment numbers. In reference to Mehta and Kapoor (2010), non-st ate funded schools receive pressure from the government in the form of providing the same level of education that is being offered in private schools, safety regulations in the schools and medical services at all times that the school is in session. The non-funded private schools respond to this pressure by; making sure that their syllabus covers the same things the public schools cover in a given year, that the school buildings are safe for people to work and learn in and that there is a medical personnel on the school grounds that can handle emergency sick cases before the sick person is transported to the hospital. According to Karczewski (2000), the clients of the non-funded private schools are the parents and their children. Most of the parents are the ever growing middle class who have a good lifestyle in other sectors of their lives including homes, cars, and clothing and therefore, they demand for better education for their children hence resulting to private schools. The pa rents put pressure on the school to offer quality education to their children that will result in effectiveness in the later years. The schools respond to this pressure by taking every effort possible to do their best to offer the level of education the clients are asking for so as to keep their business running through high enrollment rates in the school. The school has to respond to the pressure from the clients so as to persuade them not to transfer their children to other schools as this will result in loss of business. In conclusion, non-funded private schools are schools that offer the same level of education as public schools the only difference is they are funded specifically by their clients and they are more or less run like businesses. The income they receive determines their expenditure. These non-funded private schools may offer other co-curricular activities that public schools may not have due to the issue of funding. These schools have to satisfy the needs and wants of their client base so as to keep their businesses afloat and keep generating profits for their owners. Notwithstanding, the idea of a business is maximize profits and minimize losses, these private schools are run the same way hence the justification for their extravagant fees which is explained in a way that the parents will agree to part with large amounts of money like attractive high salaries for top of the range teachers who will provide quality and effective education to their children. However, private schools differ from public schools when it comes to the teacher student ratio whereby a weak student is able to be given more attention they need to improve in their studies. References Armstrong, P., 1990. ‘Extending Equality: Equity and Entitlement’ in Pam Kleiber and Libby Tisdell (Eds). Proceedings of 31st Annual Adult Education Research Conference, University of Georgia, Athens, May, Vol 4, pp 1-6. Armstrong, P., 2000. Never Mind The Quality, Measure the Len gth, Issues for Lifelong Learning. New York: John Willey. Glickman, C.D., 1987. Good and/or effective schools: What do we want? Phi Delta Kappa. vol 68, pp 622-624. Hopkins, D., 1995. Towards Effective school Improvement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement. Vol. 6, 23-47. Hopkins, D., Ainscow, M. West, M., 1994. School Improvement in an era of change. London: Cassell. Karczewski, J., 2000. Education and Economy. Web. Lock G. Ph. D. 2000. Private Schools are accountable by definition. Web. Mehta, B.C. Kapoor, K., 2010. Implementing Right to Education Act. Web. Mohan, R., 2007. School Effectiveness: School Image. Web. Mortimore. P. 1991., School effectiveness research: Which way at the crossroads? School effectiveness and school improvement, vol. 2. 213-229. Murphy. J. 1992., school effectiveness and school restructuring: Contributions to educational improvement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement. Vol 3. 90-110. Owen, J., 1999., A college guide to Benchmarking. Lon don: FEDA. Powell, B.,1991., Measuring Performance in the Education of Adults. London: UDACE. Reniham, F.I. Reniham, P.J., 1988. Institutional Image: The concept and implications for administrative action. NASSP Bulletin, 73(515), 81-90. The Province of Manitoba, 2010. Schools in Manitoba: Non-Funded Independent Schools . Web. This research paper on Quality Education in Non-Funded Private Schools was written and submitted by user Kamille Riley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Piper Alpha Disaster Essay Example

Piper Alpha Disaster Paper Abstract Piper Alpha was operated by Occidental Petroleum. The platform began its production in 1976, first as an oil production and then later converted to oil and gas production. In the night of July 6th 1988, the platform was engulfed in a catastrophic fire, which caused the death of 167 men and cost billions of dollars in property damage. There are only 61 survivors who saved their lives by jump off the platform in to the sea. At the time of the disaster, the Piper Alpha disaster was the worst offshore disaster in terms of live lost and industry impact. There are two main factors that lead to the disaster, which are human factor and the design and process factor. Lord Cullen has made some recommendations on improvements and preventions on the offshore installations. The improvements and preventions are the Permit to Work System should be taken seriously when there are any maintenance works on being carried out on the platform. The offshore platform management should provide good training and well prepared their workers in emergency procedures when emergency situations. Besides, the two improvements and preventions, the offshore platform management should upgraded their fire walls to blast walls, to prevent the fire walls from disintegrated on the gas explosion, penetrating oil and gas pipe lines that can lead to fire. 1. Introduction 2. 1 Background of Piper Alpha The Piper Alpha Oil Production platform was located about 120 miles northeast of Aberdeen, Scotland and built it for the Piper Field in the North Sea. The Piper Field was, discovered by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. in January 1973, with the Piper Alpha platform becoming operational in 1976. 2. 2 The purpose of Piper Alpha operation We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Disaster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Disaster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Piper Alpha Disaster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Piper Alpha platform had been designed as an oil production platform at first, but then the Piper Alpha platform went through several modification and redesigns to accommodate increased gas and oil production for the fields nearby. This redesigning make the Piper Alpha platform changed from a pure oil production platform to an oil and gas production platform in late 1980. A sub-sea pipeline, shared with the Claymore platform, connected Piper Alpha to the Flotta oil terminal on the Orkney Islands. Piper Alpha also had gas pipelines connecting it to both the Tartan platform and to the separate MCP-01 gas-processing platform. In total, Piper Alpha had four main transport risers: An oil export risers, The Claymore risers, The Tartan gas riser and The MCP-01 gas riser. The image below shows the locations of the platforms in the North Sea with their associated oil and gas terminals. 2. 3 What had happen to Piper Alpha Piper Alpha platform was engulfed in a catastrophic fire on July 6th 1988. The disaster caused the death of 167 men out of 228 men, which are 165 men on board of the Piper Alpha platform, and other two men on board a rescue vessel. The Piper Alpha disaster all began with a routine maintenance procedure. The Piper Alpha platform consists of two groups of workers, which are morning shift workers and night shift workers. On the morning of the 6th of July 1988, the morning shift workers have removed a gas condensate pump from service for maintenance of its Pressure Safety Valve (PSV). The Piper Alpha platform had two such pumps (gas condensate pump), which has been indicated as Pump A and Pump B. When the routine maintenance work had being carried out, the Pump A had been isolated and shut down. The maintenance work could not be completed by the end of morning shift worker finish their work, so they have been given permission to leave the rest of the maintenance work to be continued on the next day. Temporarily the PSV had been installed with a plate; this was to ensure to keep debris out of the pipework while the PSV was maintained. But the plate was not been installed tightly. Unfortunately, the night shift workers do not aware of this. The night shift workers had not been informed by the morning shift worker, that the Pump A as been isolated and shut down for maintenance work and temporarily installed a plate at the PSV. After few hours, the night shift workers took over from the morning shift workers, the primary condensate pump failed. None of the night shift workers were aware that a crucial part of the pump had been removed and decided to start the backup pump. Gas escaped from the hole left by the valve which was not closed tightly. Gas audibly leaked out at high pre ssure, ignited and exploded and produces a catastrophic fire which blown through the fire walls. The fire from the explosion had destroyed some of the oil lines and soon larger quantities of stored oil were burning out of control. An automatic system, which has been designed to spray water on such fire, had been turned off. Moreover, the accommodations were design in such a way that not smoke-proofed. Some of the workers realized that the only way to survive would be by jumping in to the sea and hoping to be rescued by boat. Only 61 men were survived, but most of them died due to suffocated carbon monoxide and fumes in the accommodations area on the Piper Alpha platform. . 4 The purpose of this report The purpose of the report is to examine the objectives and structures of the management of Piper Alpha platform for the oil and gas production industry in the North Sea, United Kingdom. Other than to examine the objectives and structures of the management of Piper Alpha, this report also is written to examine the causes of the explosion and the subsequent inquiry into the incident that claimed 167 men lives, and also how to improve in the management systems so that to prevent the Piper Alpha accident from occurring. 2. Management and Operation of Piper Alpha 3. 5 The Management and the Objectives of Piper Alpha Piper Alpha started its operation as a pure oil production platform in the North Sea approximately 170 miles northeast of Aberdeen, Scotland in 144 meters of water and comprised four modules separated by firewalls. McDermott Engineering at Ardersier and UIE at Cherbourg constructed the Piper Alpha platform. For safety reasons, they had made sure the Piper Alpha modules were organized so that the most dangerous operations were distant from nearby platform. Few years later, when the platform being converted from pure oil production to oil and gas production, it broke this safety concept. By this conversion, the sensitive areas were brought together to each other. The Tartan and Claymore platforms were installed in the Piper Field nearby to the Piper Alpha platform after the Piper Alpha platform being installed in the Piper Field. These two newly installed platforms also producing crude oil and gas and their export oil lines joining Piper Alpha’s oil export line to the Flotta terminal. After several modifications, the Piper Alpha platform then became a hub, processing its own gas, collecting gas from the Tartan platform and pumping this gas on to the MCP-01 platform. A pipeline was installed linking Piper Alpha platform to Claymore platform, receiving and supplying gas to Claymore platform as required for gas lifting purposes. At the time of the disaster Piper Alpha was one of the heaviest platforms operating in the North Sea. 3. Causes of the Piper Alpha Disaster 4. 6 The Causes of the Piper Alpha Disaster Later that year, in November, Department of Energy from United Kingdom Government Body who responsible for the operation and safety of offshore oil and gas installation has appointed Lord Cullen, a very experienced Scottish Jurist, to conduct a Public Inquiry in to the cause of the Piper Alpha disaster. Later by the end of year 1990, Lord Cullen has concluded and published his inquiry on the Piper Alpha disaster. The causes of the Piper Alpha disaster based on the Lord Cullen Inquiry are as follows. There are two main factors that lead to the Piper Alpha disaster which are Human Factors and Design and Process Factors. 4. 7. 1 Human Factor Permit to Work (PTW) is a document that notes the identity and location of the component that the work is to be carried out. In any offshore platform installations the PTW must be raised before any work can be carried out. PTW is an extensive, normally foolproof safety document kept in the platform control room. Once the work completed, the PTW is signed off and filed for future reference. On the morning of the disaster, the morning shift workers have removed a gas condensate pump (Pump A) from service for maintenance of its PSV, so the PTW was still ‘live’ and in force. It appears the Permit to Work System had become too relaxed with no verbal confirmation taking place at shift handovers from the morning shift workers to the night shift workers. Later, it has been discovered that, this was one of the main factor that lead to the Piper Alpha disaster. 4. 7. 2 Design and Process Factor McDermott Engineering at Ardersier and UIE at Cherbourg had constructed the Piper Alpha platform. For safety reasons, they had made sure the Piper Alpha modules were organized so that the most dangerous operations were distant from nearby platforms. After the Piper Alpha platform being converted from pure oil production to oil and gas production, the sensitive areas were brought together to each other. Like the Tartan platform and the Claymore platform. By this major conversion, it has been broken the safety concept that had been introduce earlier upon the construction of Piper Alpha. When the explosion occurs, the Tartan platform and Claymore platform continued to supply their products to the Piper Alpha platform, despite the fire from the Piper Alpha platform visible to the workers on the Tartan and Claymore platforms. Although it had been said that the explosion caused by the escape of gas from the PSV of Piper Alpha platform was the initial cause of the disaster, the major failure and rupture of the gas risers were responsible for Piper Alpha’s destruction and preventing the Piper Alpha workers evacuation. Although the Piper Alpha platform does have fire walls, they were not upgraded to blast walls. The fire walls in the platform were disintegrated on the gas explosion, penetrating oil and gas pipe lines and machinery, adding to the fire. Moreover, the Piper Alpha accommodations for the workers were not smoke-proofed and the lack of training that caused the Piper Alpha platform workers to repeatedly open and close the accommodation doors only worsened the problem. Some of the platform workers realized that the only way to survive is to escape from the Piper Alpha platform. However, the workers found the routes to life boats were blocked by the flames and smoke. Only 61 men were survived by jumping in to the sea but the other 167 men died due to suffocated carbon monoxide and fumes in the accommodations area on the Piper Alpha platform. 4. The Improvement and Prevention on the Offshore Installations Based on the Lord Cullen inquiry on the Piper Alpha disaster, we have known that there are two main factors that lead to the Piper Alpha disaster. Besides the findings of the factors that lead to the Piper Alpha disaster, Lord Cullen also has made some recommendations on improvements and preventions on any next offshore installations. There are some key lessons we can learn from the Piper Alpha disaster and made some improvements and preventions on the next offshore platforms. The improvements and prevention as follows: 5. 7 Permit to Work System The Permit to Work System was a system of documents that had been designed to have communications between all the workers on the platform that had been involved in any maintenance work that being carried out on the platform. Based on the Lord Cullen Inquiry, the permit to work system on the Piper Alpha platform became too relaxed on this system. There were also no formal verbal communication or confirmation that been done on shift handovers. In the earlier place, if the Permit to Work system had been implemented properly, the initial gas leak would never had occurred and lead to the explosion. So, the managements of offshore platforms should take a look this system seriously because it would save lots of lives of the workers. 5. 8 Safety training to the workers As we know, the accommodations on the Piper Alpha platform were not smoke-proofed. The workers on the Piper Alpha platform were not well trained in the emergency situations, the workers frequently open and close the accommodation doors and this only worsened the problem. The Piper Alpha management also was not responsible and not well trained to make up the gap and provide good leadership during emergency situations. The offshore platforms management should provide good training to their workers and well prepared their workers in emergency procedures when emergency situations. The managements also should take the responsibility and make up the gap and provide good leadership during emergency situations. 5. 9 Fire walls upgrading Although the Piper Alpha platform do had fire walls, but the fire walls was useless due to the Piper Alpha platform productions. At the time of the disaster, Piper Alpha platform were producing oil and gas. The fire walls should have been upgraded or improved to the blast walls, after the conversion had been made to the Piper Alpha platform from pure oil production to oil and gas production. If the fire walls in the Piper Alpha platform had been upgraded to blast walls, it would have withstood the initial explosion containing the resultant fire to the accommodations in the Piper Alpha platform. Therefore, all the offshore platform management should upgrade or improved their fire walls to blast walls, to prevent the fire walls from disintegrated on the gas explosion, penetrating oil and gas pipe lines that can lead to fire. 5. 10 Temporary Refuge The workers, who died in the Piper Alpha disaster, due to suffocated carbon monoxide and fumes in the accommodations area on the Piper Alpha platform. Based on this situation, we can conclude that the management of Piper Alpha platform does not provide safe accommodations to its workers. The offshore platforms management should learn from this major error and prevent this error repeat again by introduce or improve their current workers accommodations to Temporary Safety Refuge. This Temporary Safety Refuge should be designed in such a way that, the refuge has a breathable atmosphere through prevention of smoke ingress and provision of fire protection. This temporary safety refuge is a temporary shelter to the workers until evacuation is arranged. . 11 Evacuation and Escape At the moment of the Piper Alpha disaster, some of the Piper Alpha platform workers realized the only way to survived is to escape from the Piper Alpha platform immediately. Unfortunately, the routes to the life boats were blocked by the smoke and flames. Only 61 men were lucky enough to survive, as they made a jump to the sea and hoping to be survived by the res cue boats. The management of offshore platforms should earlier designed more than one route to the lifeboats or helicopter to ensure evacuation of the platform in emergency situations. The offshore platforms management should provide the secondary escape routes such as ropes, nets and ladders as a backup for the more sophisticated methods. 5. Conclusion Piper Alpha Oil Production platform was located about 120 miles northeast of Aberdeen and built it for Piper Field in the North Sea. The Piper Alpha platform had been designed as an oil production platform at first, but then the Piper Alpha platform went through several modifications and been changed from pure oil production to oil and gas production. Piper Alpha platform was engulfed in a catastrophic fire on July 6th 1988. The disaster caused the death of 167 men and with only 61 men as survivors. The disaster also cost billions of dollars in property damage. At the time of the disaster, the Piper Alpha platform accounted approximately 10% of North Sea oil and gas production. Later, the disaster was known as the worst offshore disaster in terms of live lost and industry impact. On November 1988, Cullen Inquiry was set up to find out the cause of the Piper Alpha. Based on the Cullen Inquiry, we can learn some key lessons from the Piper Alpha disaster and we can improve and do some prevention on the other offshore platforms. The first lesson we can learn and improve is the Permit to Work System. Based on the Cullen Inquiry, the Permit to Work System on the Piper Alpha platform became too relaxed and there were no formal verbal confirmation that been done on shift handovers. The management offshore platforms should take a look this system seriously. The second lesson that we can learn from is to provide safety training to the workers. The offshore platforms management should provide good safety training and well prepared their workers in emergency situations. The fire walls should be upgraded to blast walls. This upgrading is to prevent the fire walls from disintegrated on the gas explosion, penetrating oil and gas pipe lines that lead to fire. The offshore platforms management should provide temporary safety refuge and provide more than one route to the lifeboats or helicopter to ensure evacuation of the platform in emergency situations. The management also should provide the secondary escape route such as ropes, nets and ladders as a backup for the more sophisticated methods.

The Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films, Allegory

The Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films, Allegory The Lord Of The Flies William Golding uses much symbolism in his novel, The Lord of the Flies, to help readers gain a greater understanding of his message. He uses symbolism in three important areas: objects that have symbolic value as references to ideas, characters that symbolize important historical and religious people, and the setting which frames the conflicts on the island in comparison to the whole world. Objects are the first part of the story that are symbolic. Many objects in The Lord of the Flies have important symbolic value. The conch shell represents power and authority, and Ralph uses it to call for the boys to come to meetings. Whoever has the shell has the power to talk. The conch shows how people use objects to give power, like a crown, sceptre, or other thins that show who has power. We also learn that objects dont really give power when people choose not to obey it, like Ralphs conch. The pigs head, or Lord of the Flies, is an important object. To Jack it is a sacrifice for the beast. This object shows that people will make religions and rituals to control their world, even when what they think is not true. The Lord of the Flies is also a symbol of Satan, or the Devil. When Simon talked with the Lord of the Flies, he learned what the real evil was, which is the evil in peoples hearts. The Lord of the Flies is a symbol of the things we make up to be the cause for evil, when those things arent the real reason. The fire is a symbol of hope and rescue. When the fire was burning bright, it was because the boys were working hard to get rescued. When the fire burnt out, it was because many boys, like Jack, didnt care anymore about being rescued. In the end, the fire that got them rescued was not meant for rescue. It was there because Jack was burning down the island to kill Ralph. This shows us that we get things from luck instead of hard work. The objects in the story are used by characters that also have symbolism. The many different characters on the island are symbols of important people. They show how the real world is made up of people. Ralph is a good leader who cannot control bad people like Jack. Ralph is like Franklin Roosevelt before World War II who could not stop the war from breaking out. He also represents democracy, and is responsible. The boys wanted to do what they wanted, but Ralph couldnt stop them. Piggy represents educated people who give advice but nobody listens to them. Piggy was like Albert Einstein because people didnt care that he thought the atomic bomb was bad weapon. Simon was a symbol of Jesus Christ because he knew the truth about the beast, but the boys killed him when he came to tell them the truth. Jack was a symbol of Adolf Hitler. He was a crazy leader who killed many people because he wanted power. Like Hitler Jack was dictatorial and ignorant. Jack started his own tribe when they should stay with Ralph, and Jack killed Simon and didnt care. Roger is even worse than Jack, even though he isnt like that at the start. He is like Dr. Mengele who was Hitlers worker and did very bad operations on people, worse than Hitler. Roger is like this because he makes stick sharpened at both ends. All these people live in an island that is like the rest of the world. The setting of The Lord of the Flies is backdrop that makes it easy to see the boys wickedness compared to the wickedness of the world and people in general. World War II is going on while the story happens. The parachuter, that the boys think is the beast, shows that they cannot get away from war, and they have war themselves later. Parts of the island are also important. The beach is important because it is where Simon dies, and also where the boys live. Castle Rock is important because this is where the tribe goes to live. It is very small, with no food or soft ground, but the boys still go there because they can defend it. They think they must fight the beast and other boys, but they really have nothing to be afraid of from the

Embryonic stem cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Embryonic stem cells - Research Paper Example Because of this precious ability, embryonic stem cells can be used to treat many of the human diseases. However, isolation of embryonic stem cells is impossible without destroying the embryo and therefore embryonic stem cell isolation and researches are controversial. This paper briefly analyses utility of embryonic stem cells and the ethical issues involved in embryonic stem cell research. Utility of embryonic stem cells According to Dr Rickard (2002), â€Å"the culturing of embryonic stem cells holds tremendous potential for the development of new forms of regenerative medicine to treat debilitating or fatal conditions that would not otherwise be curable† (Dr Rickard, 2002, p.1). Starr et al have pointed out that embryonic stem cells have huge importance in the life of a person and it could be used to provide new nerve cells (Starr et al., 2010, p.449). It should be noted that there are many people in this world who are suffering from nerve problems such as Parkinson disease , Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, dimenisia Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS etc. These diseases can affect the memory of the patient and normal life is extremely difficult for them. For example, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a disease which affects nerve cells in brain and spinal cord which control muscle movement. Even though genetic defects were reported in some cases, the exact reasons for ALS is still unknown in majority of the cases. (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, n. d.). ALS patients may not be able to move freely because of the problems in the communication between brain and muscles. Nerve cells or neurons which helps brain to communicate with other body organs may become dysfunctional in the case of ALS patients. Embryonic stem cells can do wonders in the case of such patients. As mentioned earlier, embryonic stem cells have the ability to reproduce all the lost cells and it can bring back the patient to his normal state. According to Inou (2010), Neurodegenerative d iseases like Alzheimers' is caused by problems in cortical neurons whereas in dementia, Lewy bodies, or frontotemporal lobar degeneration is causing the disease. Parkinson disease is caused by dopaminergic neurons whereas upper and lower motor neurons cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Inou, 2010, p.2560). As in the case of ALS patients, embryonic stem cells can help patients with neurodegenerative diseases like diseases such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, epilepsy, dimenisia etc. Stem cells are capable of renewing themselves into different types of cells which can be used to replace or repair malfunctioning or inactive cells. Another major feature of embryonic stem cells is its ability to stay secure even after many years, if stored under suitable conditions. Ethical issues involved in embryonic stem cell research Even though separation of adult stem cells is not a worry for medical science, separation of embryonic stem cells is not so. Embry onic stem cells are taken from aborted fetuses. It is impossible to separate embryonic stem cells without killing the embryo. In other words, in order to make the life comfortable for some people, destruction of embryos is necessary. Many people, including believers in different religions have questioned the morality of destroying a human life for saving the life of others. However, there are many others who